Method of forming embedded copper interconnections and embedded copper interconnection structure

ABSTRACT

Embedded interconnections of copper are formed by forming an insulating layer, forming embedded interconnections of copper in the insulating layer, making an exposed upper surface of the insulating layer and an exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper coplanar according to chemical mechanical polishing, and forming a protective silver film on the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper. These steps are repeated on the existing insulating layer thereby to produce multiple layers of embedded interconnections of copper. The exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper is plated with silver according to immersion plating.

This application is a Divisional Application of application Ser. No. 09/660,411, filed Sep. 12, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,775, which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 09/156,903, filed Sep. 18, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,408.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method of forming embedded interconnections of copper on a surface of a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer, and a structure of such embedded interconnections of copper.

2. Description of the Related Art

Generally, aluminum alloys have heretofore been used as the materials of interconnections for use in semiconductor devices. For lower electric resistance and greater migration resistance, however, embedded interconnections of copper produced by a damascene process, and such embedded interconnections of copper arranged in multiple layers are employed.

Conventional multilayer embedded interconnections of copper have suffered various problems. Such problems will be described below with reference to FIGS. 1A through 1C of the accompanying drawings which illustrate a process of successive steps of forming multilayer embedded interconnections of copper.

As shown in FIG. 1A, an interconnection 111 of copper is embedded in the upper surface of an insulating layer 110 of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). Another insulating layer 120 of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) is disposed on the insulating layer 110 and the interconnections 111 for insulating the interconnections of copper (Cu) 111 in an upper layer. When the insulating layer 120 is deposited on the interconnections layer 111, an exposed upper surface 111 a of the interconnections 111 is undesirably oxidized by oxygen.

As shown in FIG. 1B, an etchant (etching gas) is applied to etch the insulating layer 120 through a hole 131 defined in a resist layer pattern 130 on the surface of the insulating layer 120 for thereby forming a hole 121 in the insulating layer 120, which will be filled with a plug for connection to the interconnections 111. When the insulating layer 120 is thus etched, the exposed upper surface 111 a of the interconnections 111 is undesirably modified in the composition by the etchant.

As shown in FIG. 1C, when the resist layer 130 (see FIG. 1B) is removed using oxygen, the exposed upper surface 111 a of the interconnections 111 is undesirably oxidized by the applied oxygen.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of forming embedded interconnections of copper while effectively preventing the exposed surface of an interconnections of copper from being modified or oxidized.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an embedded copper interconnection structure.

According to the present invention, a method of forming embedded interconnections of copper comprises the steps of: forming an insulating layer; forming embedded interconnections of copper in the insulating layer; planarizing (making coplanar) an exposed surface of the insulating layer including an exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper; and forming a protective film of silver on the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper. The protective film of silver on the embedded interconnections of copper prevents the embedded interconnections of copper from being oxidized and prevents the surface thereof from being modified.

To form the protective film of silver on the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper, the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper may be plated with silver according to for example, immersion plating. The immersion plating allows the protective film of silver to be selectively formed only on the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper, and also allows the protective film of silver to be formed in a very small thickness. Therefore, the amount of silver in the protective silver film may be relatively small. Since the protective film of silver and the embedded interconnections of copper do not form a solid solution, the electrical resistance of the embedded interconnections remains relatively low even if silver and copper are diffused in each other.

According to the present invention, an embedded copper interconnection structure comprises a substrate, a first insulating layer disposed on the substrate, an embedded interconnection of copper disposed in the first insulating layer, a protective film of silver disposed on the embedded interconnections of copper in the first insulating layer. The structure also includes a second insulating layer disposed on a surface of the first insulating layer including the embedded interconnections of copper having the protective film of silver thereon.

The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention by way of example.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A through 1C are fragmentary cross-sectional views showing a conventional process of successive steps of forming multilayer embedded interconnections of copper;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrative of a process of forming a protective film of silver (Ag) on interconnections of copper disposed in the surface of an insulating layer of SiO₂, according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the composition of a eutectic alloy of copper and silver and the resistivity at a certain temperature;

FIGS. 4A through 4C are fragmentary cross-sectional views showing the manner in which the protective film operates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

As shown in FIG. 2, interconnections 15 of copper are formed by plating so as to be embedded in the surface of an insulating layer 10 of SiO₂ on the surface of a semiconductor wafer (or substrate) 25. The entire upper surface of the insulating layer 10 including the exposed upper surface of the interconnections 15 is made planar by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) (the upper surface being defined as the surface facing away from the substrate). The semiconductor wafer is then dipped in an aqueous solution of silver cyanide to plate only the exposed surface of the interconnections 15 with a thin protective film 17 of silver (Ag) according to immersion plating. The protective film 17 is shown exaggerated as having an appreciably large thickness in FIG. 2, although it has a very small actual thickness on the exposed upper surface of the interconnections 15.

The immersion plating for forming the protective film 17 is carried out according to the following formula:

The silver cyanide reacts only with the copper of the interconnections 15, but not with the silicon dioxide of the insulating layer 10. Therefore, during the immersion plating, the protective film 17 is selectively formed only on the exposed upper surface of the interconnections 15.

The immersion plating allows the protective film 17 to be formed in a very small thickness, and may require only a relatively small amount of silver for the protective film 17.

FIG. 3 shows the relationship between compositions of a eutectic alloy of copper and silver, which do not form a solid solution, and the resistivity at a certain temperature T₀. It can be seen from FIG. 3 that if the concentration of copper in the eutectic alloy is close to 100% (point ρ_(B)), then the resistance of the eutectic alloy is substantially the same small value as if the concentration of copper is 100%. Therefore, since the protective film 17 is very thin and contains a relatively small amount of silver, the overall resistance of the interconnections 15 remains essentially unchanged even if silver and copper diffuse in each other.

As shown in FIG. 4A, a second insulating layer 20 of SiO₂ is formed on the first insulating layer 10, including the first layer of interconnections 15 and the protective film 17, for supporting interconnections of copper in an upper layer. At this time, the protective film 17 prevents the interconnections 15 from being oxidized.

As shown in FIG. 4B, a resist layer 30 is formed on the upper surface of the insulating layer 20. Then an etchant of fluorine gas is applied to the insulating layer 20 through a hole 31 defined in the resist layer 30 for forming a hole 21 in the insulating layer 20, which will be filled with a plug 35 for connection to the interconnections 15. At this time, the etchant contacts the protective film 17, but not the interconnections 15. Therefore, the interconnection 15 is prevented from being modified by the etchant.

The resist layer 30 shown in FIG. 4B is then oxidized and removed by ashing, as shown in FIG. 4C. At this time, the protective film 17 prevents the interconnections 15 from being oxidized.

After a plug 35 is formed in the hole 21 in the insulating layer 20 and a second layer of interconnections 36 is embedded in the insulating layer 20, the overall surface of the insulating layer 20 is planarized by chemical mechanical polishing. If another insulating layer of SiO₂ is to be formed on the planarized insulating layer 20, then a protective layer of Ag 37 may be formed on the exposed upper surface of the next interconnections 36 by immersion plating.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 4D, one embodiment of the present invention includes a plurality of insulating layers 10, 20, formed on a substrate 25. Each of the insulating layers 10, 20 has embedded interconnections of copper 15, 36. A protective film of silver 17, 37, is formed on each of the embedded interconnections of copper.

In the above embodiment, the overall upper surface of each of the insulating layers is planarized by chemical mechanical polishing. However, they may be planarized by any of various planarizing processes other than chemical mechanical polishing.

While the aqueous solution of silver cyanide is employed in the immersion plating process in the above embodiment, another solution such as an aqueous solution of silver nitrate may be employed in immersion plating.

The present invention offers the following advantages. The protective film of Ag on the exposed upper surface of the interconnections of Cu prevents the interconnections from being oxidized or modified. Therefore, the yield of the semiconductor devices will be improved, and the production throughput of semiconductor wafers will be increased.

Because the protective film of Ag is formed on the exposed upper surface of the interconnections of Cu by immersion plating, the protective film of Ag can he selectively formed only on the exposed surface of the interconnections of Cu without a mask. The protective film can have a very small thickness, which will reduce the amount of Ag that diffuses in the Cu interconnections. Hence, the electrical resistance of the interconnections will be prevented from increasing.

Although a certain preferred embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described in detail, it should be understood that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a layer of embedded interconnections of copper, comprising: forming an insulating layer; forming embedded interconnections of copper in the insulating layer; planarizing an exposed surface of the insulating layer including an exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper; and forming a film of silver on the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper by plating.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a plurality of layers of embedded interconnections of copper by repeating, on a previously-produced layer, each of said forming of the insulating layer, said forming of the embedded interconnections of copper in the insulating layer, said planarizing of the exposed surface of the insulating layer, and said forming of the film of metal on the exposed surface.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said planarizing of the exposed surface of the insulating layer comprises planarizing the exposed surface of the insulating layer including the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper by chemical mechanical polishing.
 4. A method of forming embedded interconnections of copper on a substrate, said method comprising: forming an insulating layer on the substrate; forming embedded interconnections of copper in the insulating layer; planarizing an exposed surface of the insulating layer including an exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper; and immersion plating the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper to form a protective film on the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper, said immersion plating comprising dipping the substrate including the insulating layer and the embedded interconnections of copper into an aqueous solution of silver cyanide so as to plate only the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said planarizing comprises chemical mechanical polishing.
 6. A method of forming embedded interconnections of copper on a substrate, said method comprising: forming an insulating layer on the substrate; forming embedded interconnections of copper in the insulating layer; planarizing an exposed surface of the insulating layer including an exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper; and plating the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper to form a protective silver film on the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper.
 7. A method of forming embedded interconnections of copper on a substrate, said method comprising: forming a first layer on the substrate, including: forming a first insulating layer on the substrate; forming embedded interconnections of copper in the first insulating layer; planarizing an exposed surface of the first insulating layer including an exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper; and immersion plating the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper to form a protective film on the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper, said immersion plating comprising dipping the substrate including the first insulating layer and the embedded interconnections of copper into an aqueous solution of silver cyanide so as to plate only the exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of cooper; and forming a second layer on the first layer, including forming a second insulating layer on the first layer formed on the substrate.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising forming a hole in the second insulating layer.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming a plug in the hole formed in the second insulating layer, the plug being arranged to connect to the embedded interconnections in the first insulating layer.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein said planarizing comprises chemical mechanical polishing.
 11. A method of forming embedded interconnections of copper on a substrate, said method comprising: forming a first layer on the substrate, including: forming a first insulating layer on the substrate; forming embedded interconnections of copper in the first insulating layer; planarizing an exposed surface of the first insulating layer including an exposed surface of the embedded interconnections of copper; and plating the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper to form a protective silver film on the planarized surface of the embedded interconnections of copper; and forming a second layer on the first layer, including forming a second insulating layer on the first layer formed on the substrate. 